In my recent post on moral turpitude, I noted that I found odd the phrase “its reasonable but good faith opinion.” I thought I should take a more general look at the relationship between those two concepts.
In this post, I considered a side issue—use of reasonable and reasonably. Now it’s time to address the main questions: When should you use a reasonableness standard and when should you use a good-faith standard? And does it make sense to use both in a given provision?
Whether to Use a Reasonableness Standard or a Good-Faith Standard
As a general matter, I prefer to have a reasonableness standard rather than a good-faith standard apply to the other side in a transaction. A reasonableness standard is objective—what would a reasonable person have done in the circumstances? By contrast, a good-faith standard is subjective—did the party in question think it was acting reasonably, regardless of whether it was or not when viewed from the perspective of a reasonable person? It seems counterproductive to give the other party room to act unreasonably but in good faith.
Of course, the difference between a reasonableness standard and a good-faith standard can be more apparent than real. Often it’s impossible to determine what a contract party was thinking when it acted a given way—either you have no evidence on that score, or the evidence you have is self-serving. So courts often end up deciding whether a party acted in good faith by considering how others have behaved in similar circumstances—in other words, by in effect applying a reasonableness standard. But I’d prefer to apply a reasonableness standard explicitly rather than have it applied by default.
So in the following extracts culled from EDGAR, I’d replace the good-faith standard with a reasonableness standard:
and shall make a good faith effort [read use reasonable efforts] to accommodate the Consultant’s reasonable scheduling needs in coordinating such cooperation
provided, however, that any such tax, assessment, charge or levy need not be paid if the validity thereof is being contested in good faith [read reasonably contested] by appropriate proceedings
unless the Company has in good faith [read reasonably] determined that the matters relating to such notice do not constitute material, nonpublic information
any written notice, instruction, instrument, statement, request or document that the Escrow Agent believes in good faith [read reasonably believes] to be genuine
But I can think of two contexts where a good-faith standard would be appropriate:
First, a good-faith standard is appropriate to qualify an obligation to negotiate. Because a good-faith standard is built into every contract through the implied duty of good faith (see MSCD 2.112), an explicit good-faith standard in this context should be redundant. But it’s standard, perhaps because (1) it reinforces the notion that you’re only required to negotiate as long as a meeting of the minds is possible and (2) it makes it clear that a reasonableness standard doesn’t apply—you can’t be forced to agree to something just because a reasonable person in your position would have done so.
And second, a good-faith standard is appropriate when you want to make it clear that the discretion granted a party in a given context is subject to an obligation to act in good faith. Courts in some jurisdictions have held that if Acme is authorized to do something and the provision uses “at its sole discretion” or comparable language, that discretion isn’t subject to the implied duty of good faith. For purposes of contracts governed by the laws of any of those jurisdictions, you should consider either (1) cutting back any grant of discretion that could be construed as particularly open-ended or (2) making it clear that it’s subject to a good-faith standard. (This is something that I’ll soon be writing about at greater length.)
And of course, if your client is the one subject to a given provision, you might want to use the less-exacting good-faith standard.
Using Both Standards Together
What about combining the two standards? I think it makes no sense to do so. If you meet the more exacting reasonableness standard, what could be the point of invoking good faith? Consider the following examples:
and it continues to actively employ
, in good faith,all reasonable efforts to cause the applicable Registration Statement to become effectivethe amount of all taxes paid … (as determined reasonably
and in good faithby a Financial Officer)makes it inappropriate in the reasonable
good-faithjudgment of the indemnified party for the same counsel to represent both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party
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Can you think of any exceptions to these two general recommendations (other than those I’ve noted)?
Ken:
My biggest problem with “good faith” compared to “reasonable” is that “good faith” invites greater discovery in disputes. If I was trying to prove you acted in bad faith, I would want to (a) read all your email to see if you said something bad and (b) read your financials to see if you might have had an ulterior motive. By comparison, if I was trying to prove unreasonableness, I would look to industry standards, expert opinions, and the like. The difference between these is that the email and financial trawl places enormous costs on the defendant, where the objective standard places the costs first on the plaintiff (and then also on the defendant if the plaintiff can produce decent evidence)
If I can’t prove my unreasonableness case that way, then I’m going to argue that acting reasonably includes a duty to act in good faith. After all, how reasonable is it to meet objective standard while deviously intending a malicious outcome? The defendant’s counter-argument is that any possible expressions of bad faith and any ulterior motives are irrelevant if you meet an objective standard because the ill intent obviously did not affect your performance (i.e. there is a implication of a break in causality and the defendant will challenge the plaintiff to identify what the defendant should have done in excess of acting reasonably to mee the good-faith requirement).
If the plaintiff’s argument is correct as a matter of law rather than of contract construction, then it is silly to ever say “acting reasonably and in good faith.” But if it is a question of contract construction, then including at least one instance in an agreement where you say “acting reasonably and in good faith” can help defeat this argument. If we have meant to impose an obligation of good faith, we would have done so, like we did in this other section.
Chris
Because “good faith” means “honesty of purpose,” I DO like to use it with “reasonable,” which is the objective test you say. If picking one, I agree with you; but, I don’t agree that using both is a waste of space.
Steve: If you want to convince me, you’ll have to give me an example and work through it, bit by bit. Ken
The ACA combines both terms to be used as the interpretation standard for the act. What do you make of that?
Are we to make a good faith effort to be reasonable in our interpretation?
Have you discussed a blanket provision that requires all acts or omissions by either party to be reasonable?
No, because it wouldn’t make sense. Maybe you can rely on the implied duty to act in good faith.
Note that in certain states like Texas, there is no implied duty to act in good faith.